The Constitution doesn’t guarantee any one method of voting, but it does guarantee that states cannot create rules that unreasonably burden the right to vote — especially when those burdens fall hardest on identifiable groups.

Courts look at patterns like:

• Disabled voters who physically cannot vote in person
• People without cars in areas with no public transit
• Workers who can’t leave their jobs without losing pay
• Low‑income voters who face multiple overlapping barriers
• Seniors with mobility or health limitations
• Students who live far from their registration address

When a rule disproportionately harms these groups, courts ask:

Is the burden severe enough that it effectively denies these people the right to vote?