In 1924, the Industrial Conciliation Act was enacted by the South African Parliament. This legislation aimed to address industrial disputes by establishing negotiation mechanisms. Here are the key provisions:

1. Trade Unions: Employees were permitted to form trade unions. These unions would undergo approval, recognition, and registration processes.
2. Industrial Councils: Trade unions could then be represented on industrial councils.
3. Conciliation Process: Before a strike could occur, a process of conciliation was mandated.
4. Exclusion of Black Workers: Unfortunately, workers “regulated by any Native Pass Laws and regulations” (which primarily referred to Black workers) were excluded from the definition of workers. Consequently, they were not allowed to join unions¹.

This act significantly impacted the rights and representation of workers in South Africa during that era. It’s essential to recognize the historical context and the discriminatory practices that shaped labor relations at the time.

For more detailed information, you can refer to the work by Kiloh and Sibeko titled “A Fighting Union” ¹. Although this legislation has been repealed, its legacy remains a part of South Africa’s complex history.

Source: BingAI

Written By: Brian Duignan

Seventeenth Amendment, amendment (1913) to the Constitution of the United States that provided for the direct election of U.S. senators by the voters of the states.

It altered the electoral mechanism established in Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution, which had provided for the appointment of senators by the state legislatures.

Adopted in the Progressive era of democratic political reform, the amendment reflected popular dissatisfaction with the corruption and inefficiency that had come to characterize the legislative election of U.S. senators in many states.

The amendment changed the wording of Article I, Section 3, Paragraph 1 to state that “two Senators from each State” should be “elected by the people thereof” rather than “chosen by the Legislature thereof.” It also revised Paragraph 2 of Section 3 to allow the state executive to fill vacancies in the Senate by making temporary appointments to serve until new elections could be held.

The full text of the amendment is

• The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
• When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
• This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

By the time of the amendment’s adoption, many states had already established mechanisms that effectively allowed voters to choose the senators of their state (e.g., by having the legislature appoint the winners of party primaries). Nevertheless, the amendment was widely seen as necessary to reduce the influence of big business and other special interests on the selection of senators and to prevent vacancies or frequent turnover in the Senate caused by party wrangling or changes of party leadership at the state level. In the late 20th century some conservative political scholars called for the repeal of the Seventeenth Amendment on the grounds that it undermined the proper balance of power between the federal government and the states (see also states’ rights).