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5 Things You May Not Know About Lincoln, Slavery and Emancipation – Sarah Pruitt
September 22 marks the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, in which he declared that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states in rebellion against the Union “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”To commemorate the occasion, we invite you to consider some surprising facts about Lincoln’s views on slavery, and the complex process that led him to issue the document he later called “the central act of my administration, and the greatest event of the 19th century.
Depiction by Francis Bicknell Carpenter of Abraham Lincoln’s first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation, in July 1862. It hangs in the U.S. Capitol.
1. Lincoln wasn’t an abolitionist. Lincoln did believe that slavery was morally wrong, but there was one big problem: It was sanctioned by the highest law in the land, the Constitution. The nation’s founding fathers, who also struggled with how to address slavery, did not explicitly write the word “slavery” in the Constitution, but they did include key clauses protecting the institution, including a fugitive slave clause and the three-fifths clause, which allowed Southern states to count slaves for the purposes of representation in the federal government. In a three-hour speech in Peoria, Illinois, in the fall of 1854, Lincoln presented more clearly than ever his moral, legal and economic opposition to slavery—and then admitted he didn’t know exactly what should be done about it within the current political system.
Abolitionists, by contrast, knew exactly what should be done about it: Slavery should be immediately abolished, and freed slaves should be incorporated as equal members of society. They didn’t care about working within the existing political system, or under the Constitution, which they saw as unjustly protecting slavery and slave owners. Leading abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison called the Constitution “a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell,” and went so far as to burn a copy at a Massachusetts rally in 1854. Though Lincoln saw himself as working alongside the abolitionists on behalf of a common anti-slavery cause, he did not count himself among them. Only with emancipation, and with his support of the eventual 13th Amendment, would Lincoln finally win over the most committed abolitionists.
2. Lincoln didn’t believe blacks should have the same rights as whites. Though Lincoln argued that the founding fathers’ phrase “All men are created equal” applied to blacks and whites alike, this did not mean he thought they should have the same social and political rights. His views became clear during an 1858 series of debates with his opponent in the Illinois race for U.S. Senate, Stephen Douglas, who had accused him of supporting “negro equality.” In their fourth debate, at Charleston, Illinois, on September 18, 1858, Lincoln made his position clear. “I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races,” he began, going on to say that he opposed blacks having the right to vote, to serve on juries, to hold office and to intermarry with whites. What he did believe was that, like all men, blacks had the right to improve their condition in society and to enjoy the fruits of their labor. In this way they were equal to white men, and for this reason slavery was inherently unjust.
Like his views on emancipation, Lincoln’s position on social and political equality for African-Americans would evolve over the course of his presidency. In the last speech of his life, delivered on April 11, 1865, he argued for limited black suffrage, saying that any black man who had served the Union during the Civil War should have the right to vote.
3. Lincoln thought colonization could resolve the issue of slavery. For much of his career, Lincoln believed that colonization—or the idea that a majority of the African-American population should leave the United States and settle in Africa or Central America—was the best way to confront the problem of slavery. His two great political heroes, Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson, had both favored colonization; both were slave owners who took issue with aspects of slavery but saw no way that blacks and whites could live together peaceably. Lincoln first publicly advocated for colonization in 1852, and in 1854 said that his first instinct would be “to free all the slaves, and send them to Liberia” (the African state founded by the American Colonization Society in 1821).
Nearly a decade later, even as he edited the draft of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in August of 1862, Lincoln hosted a delegation of freed slaves at the White House in the hopes of getting their support on a plan for colonization in Central America. Given the “differences” between the two races and the hostile attitudes of whites towards blacks, Lincoln argued, it would be “better for us both, therefore, to be separated.” Lincoln’s support of colonization provoked great anger among black leaders and abolitionists, who argued that African-Americans were as much natives of the country as whites, and thus deserved the same rights. After he issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln never again publicly mentioned colonization, and a mention of it in an earlier draft was deleted by the time the final proclamation was issued in January 1863.
4. Emancipation was a military policy. As much as he hated the institution of slavery, Lincoln didn’t see the Civil War as a struggle to free the nation’s 4 million slaves from bondage. Emancipation, when it came, would have to be gradual, and the important thing to do was to prevent the Southern rebellion from severing the Union permanently in two. But as the Civil War entered its second summer in 1862, thousands of slaves had fled Southern plantations to Union lines, and the federal government didn’t have a clear policy on how to deal with them. Emancipation, Lincoln saw, would further undermine the Confederacy while providing the Union with a new source of manpower to crush the rebellion.
In July 1862 the president presented his draft of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. Secretary of State William Seward urged him to wait until things were going better for the Union on the field of battle, or emancipation might look like the last gasp of a nation on the brink of defeat. Lincoln agreed and returned to edit the draft over the summer. On September 17 the bloody Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln the opportunity he needed. He issued the preliminary proclamation to his cabinet on September 22, and it was published the following day. As a cheering crowd gathered at the White House, Lincoln addressed them from a balcony: “I can only trust in God I have made no mistake … It is now for the country and the world to pass judgment on it.”
5. The Emancipation Proclamation didn’t actually free all of the slaves. Since Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation as a military measure, it didn’t apply to border slave states like Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, all of which had remained loyal to the Union. Lincoln also exempted selected areas of the Confederacy that had already come under Union control in hopes of gaining the loyalty of whites in those states. In practice, then, the Emancipation Proclamation didn’t immediately free a single slave, as the only places it applied were places where the federal government had no control—the Southern states currently fighting against the Union.
Despite its limitations, Lincoln’s proclamation marked a crucial turning point in the evolution of Lincoln’s views of slavery, as well as a turning point in the Civil War itself. By war’s end, some 200,000 black men would serve in the Union Army and Navy, striking a mortal blow against the institution of slavery and paving the way for its eventual abolition by the 13th Amendment.
Black History Month
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Miranda Rights
This commentary is part of The Appeal’s collection of opinion and analysis.
Story by Jay Willis
If you’ve ever seen a police procedural on TV, you are likely aware that officers are supposed to tell you about certain rights when you’re arrested. “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law,” a common version begins. “You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided to you before questioning takes place.”
This disclaimer, known as the Miranda warning, is the product of a landmark 1966 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Miranda v. Arizona. It is meant to protect Americans from submitting to the police simply because they think, under the circumstances, that they have no other choice. If police don’t first recite it to people who are in custody, anything they say during subsequent interrogations cannot be used against them in court.
In theory, at least. In the five decades since creating this safeguard, the Court has been consistently chipping away at it, carving out generous exceptions and crafting new rules that limit its real-world impact. Together, these carve-outs preserve the Miranda warning in form, while ensuring that it does as little as possible to keep people—especially members of marginalized
Source: theappeal.org for the complete article
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Chief Raoni brings Indigenous movement to world stage – reminder
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Chief Raoni Brings Indigenous Movement “We should be finding a solution together to preserve the forest for the future of our children and our grandchildren and our great-grandchildren. What’s going to happen when it’s all gone, when it’s all destroyed and there’s nothing left?” While the world watches Brazil host the global sporting spectacle, a darker reality lurks beneath the country’s attempt to project a veneer of harmony, environmentalism and cheer. Abetted by President Rousseff’s Workers Party, Brazil’s powerful agribusiness sector is laying the groundwork for a massive land grab, intent on gutting indigenous territorial rights while riding a shocking wave of racism and intolerance. |
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USDA~ FSN ~ Eating Well – June 2025 -Recalls – Food Safety Alerts – Previous Month & last day of prior month updates
** Several outbreak investigations ongoing By Coral Beach on June 19, 2025
Federal officials are investigating a new multi-state outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections that has killed four people.
As of June 18, the Food and Drug Administration was reporting 17 people across 13 states had been sickened in the outbreak, which has been traced to chicken fettuccine alfredo meals. The implicated…Continue Reading
** GBC Food Services recalls snack cups because of plastic contamination
** Texas company recalls cucumbers because of positive tests for Salmonella
** Kroger and Walmart chicken fettuccine alfredo sickens 17 and kills 4 with Listeria
** Almost 100 children sick in Salmonella outbreak
By Joe Whitworth on June 23, 2025
The number of children sick in an outbreak mainly affecting Germany and Austria has increased to almost 100.
The Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) reported illnesses were likely caused by an organic cashew butter with raspberries sold at dm drogerie markt. locations.
The Robert Koch Institute (RKI)…Continue Reading
** Salmonella illnesses prompt recall in Korea
By News Desk on June 9, 2025
Korean authorities have announced the recall of two products as part of an investigation into a foodborne outbreak.
The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, and local government officials said investigations into reports of food poisoning led to the action. They did not…Continue Reading
** Church & Dwight Co., Inc. issued a recall for several medicinal swabs due to potential microbial contamination. Affected items include Zicam® and Orajel™ cold swabs, AllClear nasal swabs, and teething swabs for babies. Use of contaminated products may lead to infections, particularly in vulnerable populations.
**Coca-Cola Company recalls mineral water because of Pseudomonas contamination
** Pizza Shoppe salad dressing recalled because of spoilage concerns
** New Zealand saw recalls rise in 2024
** Florida company recalls mousse desserts because of multiple undeclared allergens
| Item Name | Plant Number | Carton UPC |
|---|---|---|
| Clover Organic Large Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 070852010427 |
| First Street Cage Free Large Brown Loose 1 case=150 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 041512039638 |
| Nulaid Medium Brown Cage Free 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 071230021042 |
| Nulaid Jumbo Brown Cage Free 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 071230021011 |
| O Organics Cage Free Large Brown 6 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 079893401522 |
| O Organics Large Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 079893401508 |
| O Organics Large Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 079893401546 |
| Marketside Organic Large Cage Free Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 681131122771 |
| Marketside Organic Large Cage Free Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 681131122801 |
| Marketside Large Cage Free Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 681131122764 |
| Marketside Large Cage Free Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 681131122795 |
| Raley’s Large Cage Free Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 046567033310 |
| Raley’s Large Cage Free Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 046567040325 |
| Raley’s Organic Large Cage Free Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 046567028798 |
| Raley’s Organic Large Cage Free Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 046567040295 |
| Simple Truth Medium Brown Cage Free 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 011110099327 |
| Simple Truth Large Brown Cage Free 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 011110873743 |
| Sun Harvest Organic Cage Free Large Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 041512131950 |
| Sun Harvest Organic Cage Free Large Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 041512145162 |
| Sunnyside Large Brown Cage Free 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 717544211747 |
| Sunnyside Large Brown Cage Free 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 717544211754 |
| Sunnyside Organic Cage Free Large Brown 12 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 717544201441 |
| Sunnyside Organic Cage Free Large Brown 18 eggs | P-6562 or CA-5330 | 717544211761 |
| Loose Small Brown Cage Free-1 box= 6 flats (1 flat= 30 eggs) | P-6562 or CA-5330 | NA |
| Loose Medium Brown Cage Free -1 box= 6 flats (1 flat= 30 eggs) | P-6562 or CA-5330 | NA |
| Loose Medium Brown Organic -1 box= 6 flats (1 flat= 30 eggs) | P-6562 or CA-5330 | NA |
| Loose Large Brown Organic-1 box= 6 flats (1 flat= 30 eggs) | P-6562 or CA-5330 | NA |
| Loose Jumbo Brown Cage Free -1 box=5 flats(1 flat=20 eggs) | P-6562 or CA-5330 | NA |
| Loose Jumbo Brown Organic -1 box=5 flats(1 flat=20 eggs) | P-6562 or CA-5330 | NA |
This recall is associated with an ongoing outbreak investigation of Salmonella Enteritidis illnesses. Products were distributed in AZ, CA, IL, IN, NE, NM, NV, WA and WY.
** August Egg Company firm has voluntarily been diverting eggs to an egg-breaking plant for over 30 days, which pasteurizes the eggs and kills any potential foodborne pathogens.
Consumers who may have eggs produced in this plant, as identified by the plant code on one side of the egg carton, should return it to their place of purchase for a full refund. Further questions may be directed to the company at 1-800-710-2554, between 9am and 5pm PT. August Egg Company recalled its brown eggs—both free-range and certified organic—due to Salmonella concerns. Salmonella infection can lead to fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Consumers are urged to check the packaging for brand and lot numbers and avoid consumption.
** Medtech Products Inc. Issues Nationwide Recall of Little Remedies® Honey Cough Syrup Due to Microbial Contamination ~Potential Foodborne Illness – Bacillus cereus
** Reduced oversight: This isn’t the time to cut food safety corners
By Guest Contributor on June 16, 2025
— OPINION —
By Bonna Cannon
On May 9 an Executive Order was signed to “Fight Overcriminalization in Federal Regulations.” In short, it discourages criminal enforcement of regulatory violations —particularly those without clear intent or where the rule itself isn’t well known.
Pair that with fewer FDA inspections because off…Continue Reading
** Kroger and Walmart chicken fettuccine alfredo sickens 17 and kills 4 with Listeria
By News Desk on June 18, 2025
A Listeria monocytogenes outbreak linked to chicken fettuccine alfredo products from Fresh Realm has sickened 17 people across 13 states, leading to a recall of all products produced before June 17, 2025, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). The outbreak has been associated with…Continue Reading
** Texas company recalls cucumbers because of positive tests for Salmonella
Nationwide
WASHINGTON, June 3, 2025 – The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is issuing a public health alert for ground beef products that may be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. FSIS is issuing this public health alert to ensure that consumers… Impacted Products
1-lb. vacuum-packed packages of “ORGANIC RANCHER ORGANIC GROUND BEEF 85% LEAN 15% FAT” with “Use or Freeze By 06-19-25” and “Use or Freeze By 06-20-25” as represented on the packaging.
** Enoki mushrooms recalled nationwide because of Listeria contamination
** Europe reports record high E. coli and Listeria levels
By Joe Whitworth on June 9, 2025
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and Listeria infections in Europe are at their highest levels since the start of EU-wide surveillance in 2007.
Data comes from two 2023 epidemiological reports issued recently by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), which cover the European Union and European Economic…Continue Reading
By News Desk on June 16, 2025
Fuentes Farms LLC, located in McAllen, TX, is recalling boxes of fresh cucumbers because of potential contamination with Salmonella, according to the Food and Drug Administration.
The recalled product was distributed in Texas by local vendors in flea markets located in the McAllen and Alamo areas.
The affected product bears…Continue Reading
** GBC Food Services recalls snack cups because of plastic contamination
By News Desk on June 16, 2025
GBC Food Services, LLC, of Farmers Branch, TX, is recalling Supreme Produce Apple & PB Snack Cup and Supreme Produce Celery & PB Snack Cup because of potential contamination with…Continue Reading
** Three nations sound Listeria warnings
By News Desk on June 11, 2025
Slovakia, New Zealand and Lithuania have issued separate warnings about the dangers of Listeria monocytogenes.
In Slovakia, a regional public health agency informed a local food administration about the death of an elderly man, which may have been caused by the consumption of sheep cheese purchased at a farm in…Continue Reading
** Floria dried apricots recalled because of undeclared sulfites
By News Desk on June 16, 2025
Turkana Food Inc. of Kenilworth, NJ, is recalling 352 cases of Floria Dried Apricots because of undeclared sulfites on the product labeling. This poses a serious or life-threatening risk to individuals with sulfite sensitivities or allergies.
The recall was initiated after routine sampling by the New York State Department of…Continue Reading
By News Desk on June 11, 2025
Hofood99 Inc. of Brooklyn, NY, is recalling its 200-gram packages of enoki mushrooms, because tests have shown they are contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes.
The recalled mushrooms were distributed nationwide in retail stores. The product comes in a 200-gram, green plastic package marked with UPC Barcode 6 976532 310051 on the…Continue Reading
** Comvita Manuka Honey products recalled because of leaking packaging
** Genoa Salami recalled in Canada because of Salmonella contamination
By News Desk on June 11, 2025
Marini Foods Limited is recalling Rea brand Genoa Salami and Bona brand Genova Salami from the marketplace because of possible Salmonella contamination, according to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA).
This recall was triggered by findings from the CFIA during its investigation into a foodborne illness outbreak. There have been…Continue Reading
** Nearly 50 tons of dry milk recalled because of potential Salmonella contamination
By News Desk on June 12, 2025
Crystal Creamery Inc., of Modesto, CA, is recalling 92,594 pounds (1,680 bags) of Non Fat Dry Milk because of potential contamination with Salmonella.
The recall was initiated on May 19 and is ongoing, according to the Food and Drug Administration.
The recalled products were distributed to retail locations in California…Continue Reading
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