On this day in history, the South African government passed the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (to go into effect as of July 8, 1949), making marriages between whites and non-whites illegal. Even though between 1946 and the enactment of this law, only 75 mixed marriages had been recorded, compared with some 28,000 white marriages, the government felt the possibility was a sufficient threat and affront to legislate against it. In 1950 the law was amended to ban even sexual relations between white and black South Africans.

To facilitate enforcement, the Population Registration Act of 1950 required South Africans to register as members of one of four racial groups as set out in the Population Registration Act of 1950. The four groups were White, Coloured, Indian and Black. Subsequent to the passing of this legislation, a number of people were arrested and charged for breaking its provisions.

The law also nullified interracial marriages of South Africans that occurred outside of the country.  

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For the first time in U.S. history, the House of Representatives exercises its constitutional power of impeachment and votes to charge Senator William Blount of Tennessee with “a high misdemeanor, entirely inconsistent with his public duty and trust as a Senator.”

In 1790, President George Washington appointed Blount, who had fought in the American Revolution, as governor of the “Territory South of the River Ohio,” now known as Tennessee. Although he was a successful territorial governor, personal financial problems led him to enter into a conspiracy with British officers to enlist frontiersmen and Cherokee Indians to assist the British in conquering parts of Spanish Florida and Louisiana. Before the conspiracy was uncovered, Blount presided over the Tennessee Constitutional Convention and in 1796 became the state’s first U.S. senator.

The plot was revealed in 1797, and on July 7 the House of Representatives voted to impeach Senator Blount. The next day, the Senate voted by a two-thirds majority to expel him from its ranks. On December 17, 1798, the Senate exercised its “sole power to try all impeachments,” as granted by the Constitution, and initiated a Senate trial against Blount.

Source: for the complete article history.com

President Ronald Reagan nominates Sandra Day O’Connor, an Arizona court of appeals judge, to be the first woman Supreme Court justice in U.S. history. On September 21, the Senate unanimously approved her appointment to the nation’s highest court, and on September 25 she was sworn in by Chief Justice Warren Burger.

Sandra Day was born in El Paso, Texas, in 1930. She grew up on her family’s cattle ranch in southeastern Arizona and attended Stanford University, where she studied economics. A legal dispute over her family’s ranch stirred her interest in law, and in 1950 she enrolled in Stanford Law School. She took just two years to receive her law degree and was ranked near the top of her class. Upon graduation, she married John Jay O’Connor III, a classmate.

Source: history.com article

Even after Shelby County v. Holder (2013) dismantled Section 5 preclearance, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) remains a powerful federal tool for challenging discriminatory voting practices — and the DOJ still uses it, though its reach is narrower.

Why the DOJ Can Still Use the VRA

• Section 2 remains in force: Section 2 prohibits voting practices or procedures (including redistricting plans and voter registration systems) that discriminate on the basis of race, color, or language minority status, whether intentionally or as a result of discriminatory effect 
• Nationwide application: Unlike Section 5, Section 2 applies everywhere, so the DOJ can litigate in any state or territory 
• Enforcement tools: The DOJ can bring federal lawsuits, seek injunctions, and work with federal courts to block or alter laws that dilute minority voting power 
• Recent DOJ actions: The DOJ has won cases like United States v. State of Alabama, where a preliminary injunction halted a voter removal program after a Section 2 challenge 

What Part of the Weakened VRA Still Allows Federal Intervention

• Section 2 litigation: This is the core remaining federal enforcement mechanism. It can be used to block laws or maps that show racial vote dilution or discriminatory intent 
• Federal court injunctions: Courts can issue temporary or permanent injunctions under Section 2, stopping harmful laws from taking effect while litigation proceeds 
• DOJ as lead plaintiff: In some cases, the DOJ is the only entity allowed to sue under Section 2, giving it significant leverage 

How Advocates and Lawyers Can Use These Tools

1. File Section 2 lawsuits: Even without preclearance, plaintiffs can challenge laws or maps that have a discriminatory effect or intent. This is the most direct way to block restrictive measures.
2. Seek injunctions: Use federal courts to get immediate relief before elections or before laws take effect.
3. Target high-impact jurisdictions: Focus on states or counties with histories of discrimination, where Section 2 claims are more likely to succeed.
4. Coalition litigation: Partner with civil rights groups to pool resources and expertise.
5. Monitor DOJ enforcement: Track DOJ actions to identify patterns and opportunities for coordinated legal challenges.
6. Leverage recent DOJ wins: Use cases like Alabama to build legal arguments and public support.

Bottom line: The DOJ can still use the VRA because Section 2 remains a live, nationwide prohibition on discriminatory voting practices. Advocates can use this by litigating under Section 2, seeking injunctions, and focusing on jurisdictions where the law’s reach is strongest — even if the Act’s preventive preclearance power is gone.

 U.S. Department of Justice

Source: govfacts.org, peopleslawreview.com, factually.co ,

1754 – Kings College opened in New York City. It was renamed Columbia College 30 years later.

1846 – U.S. annexation of California was proclaimed at Monterey after the surrender of a Mexican garrison.

1862 – The first railroad post office was tested on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad in Missouri.

1885 – G. Moore Peters patented the cartridge-loading machine.

1917 – Aleksandr Kerensky formed a provisional government in Russia.

1920 – A device known as the radio compass was used for the first time on a U.S. Navy airplane near Norfolk, VA.

1930 – Construction began on Boulder Dam, later Hoover Dam, on the Colorado River.

1937 – Japanese forces invaded China.

1946 – Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini was canonized as the first American saint.

1950 – The U.N. Security Council authorized military aid for South Korea.

1969 – Canada’s House of Commons gave final approval to a measure that made the French language equal to English throughout the national government.

1981 – U.S. President Reagan announced he was nominating Arizona Judge Sandra Day O’Connor to become the first female justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. 

1983 – Eleven-year-old Samantha Smith of Manchester, Maine, left for a visit to the Soviet Union at the personal invitation of Soviet leader Yuri V. Andropov.

1987 – Public testimony at the Iran-Contra hearing began.

1994 – Amazon.com, Inc. was founded in Seattle, Washington under the name “Cadabra.” 

1998 – A jury in Santa Monica, CA, convicted Mikail Markhasev of murdering Ennis Cosby, Bill Cosby’s only son, during a roadside robbery.

1999 – In Sierra Leone, President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and rebel leader Foday Sankoh signed a pact to end the nation’s civil war.

2000 – Cisco Systems Inc. announced that it would buy Netiverse Inc. for $210 million in stock. It was the 13th time Cisco had purchased a company in 2000.

2003 – In Liberia, a team of U.S. military experts arrived at the U.S. embassy compound to assess whether to deploy troops as part of a peacekeeping force in the country.