Following its ratification by the necessary three-quarters of U.S. states, the 14th Amendment, guaranteeing to African Americans citizenship and all its privileges, is officially adopted into the U.S. Constitution.

Two years after the Civil War, the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into five military districts, where new state governments, based on universal manhood suffrage, were to be established. Thus began the period known as Radical Reconstruction, which saw the 14th Amendment, which had been passed by Congress in 1866, ratified in July 1868. The amendment resolved pre-Civil War questions of African American citizenship by stating that “all persons born or naturalized in the United States...are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they reside.” The amendment then reaffirmed the privileges and rights of all citizens, and granted all these citizens the “equal protection of the laws.”

In the decades after its adoption, the equal protection clause was cited by a number of African American activists who argued that racial segregation denied them the equal protection of law. However, in 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that states could constitutionally provide segregated facilities for African Americans, so long as they were equal to those afforded white persons. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which announced federal toleration of the so-called “separate but equal” doctrine, was eventually used to justify segregating all public facilities, including railroad cars, restaurants, hospitals, and schools. However, “colored” facilities were never equal to their white counterparts, and African Americans suffered through decades of debilitating discrimination in the South and elsewhere. In 1954, Plessy v. Ferguson was finally struck down by the Supreme Court in its ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/14th-amendment-adopted

Source : history.com

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On this day, 7/27

07/27/2024 Nativegrl77

214 – At the Battle of Bouvines in France, Philip Augustus of France defeated John of England.

1245 – Frederick II was deposed by a council at Lyons after they found him guilty of sacrilege.

1663 – The British Parliament passed a second Navigation Act, which required all goods bound for the colonies be sent in British ships from British ports.

1689 – Government forces defeated the Scottish Jacobites at the Battle of Killiecrankie.

1694 – The Bank of England received a royal charter as a commercial institution.

1775 – Benjamin Rush began his service as the first Surgeon General of the Continental Army.

1784 – “Courier De L但merique” became the first French newspaper to be published in the United States. It was printed in Philadelphia, PA.

1777 – The marquis of Lafayette arrived in New England to help the rebellious American colonists fight the British.

1778 – The British and French fleets fought to a standoff in the first Battle of Ushant.

1789 – The Department of Foreign Affairs was established by the U.S. Congress. The agency was later known as the Department of State.

1804 – The 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. With the amendment, Electors were directed to vote for a President and for a Vice-President rather than for two choices for President.

1866 – Cyrus Field successfully completed the Atlantic Cable. It was an underwater telegraph from North America to Europe.

1909 – Orville Wright set a record for the longest airplane flight. He was testing the first Army airplane and kept it in the air for 1 hour 12 minutes and 40 seconds.

1914 – British troops invaded the streets of Dublin, Ireland, and began to disarm Irish rebels.

1918 – The Socony 200 was launched. It was the first concrete barge and was used to carry oil.

1921 – Canadian biochemist Frederick Banting and associates announced the discovery of the hormone insulin.

1940 – Bugs Bunny made his official debut in the Warner Bros. animated cartoon “A Wild Hare.”

1944 – U.S. troops completed the liberation of Guam.

1947 – The World Water Ski Organization was founded in Geneva, Switzerland.

1953 – The armistice agreement that ended the Korean War was signed at Panmunjon, Korea.

1955 – The Allied occupation of Austria ended.

1964 – U.S. President Lyndon Johnson sent an additional 5,000 advisers to South Vietnam.

1965 – In the U.S., the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act was signed into law. The law required health warnings on all cigarette packages.

1967 – U.S. President Johnson appointed the Kerner Commission to assess the causes of the violence in the wake of urban rioting.

1974 – The U.S. Congress asked for impeachment procedures against President Richard Nixon.

1980 – The deposed shah of Iran, Muhammad Riza Pahlavi, died in a hospital near Cairo, Egypt.

1984 – Pete Rose passed Ty Cobb痴 record for most singles in a career when he got his 3,503rd base hit.

1993 – IBM’s new chairman, Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., announced an $8.9 billion plan to cut the company’s costs.

1995 – The Korean War Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, DC, by U.S. President Clinton and South Korean President Kim Young-sam.

1999 – The U.S. space shuttle Discovery completed a five-day mission commanded by Air Force Col. Eileen Collins. It was the first shuttle mission to be commanded by a woman.

2006 – Intel Corp introduced its Core 2 Duo microprocessors.

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on this day 7/26

07/26/2024 Nativegrl77

1775 – A postal system was established by the 2nd Continental Congress of the United States. The first Postmaster General was Benjamin Franklin.

1788 – New York became the 11th state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.

1881 – Thomas Edison and Patrick Kenny execute a patent application for a facsimile telegraph (U.S. Pat. 479,184).

1893 – Commercial production of the Addressograph started in Chicago, IL.

1907 – The Chester was launched. It was the first turbine-propelled ship.

1908 – U.S. Attorney General Charles J. Bonaparte issued an order that created an investigative agency that was a forerunner of the FBI.

1945 – Winston Churchill resigned as Britain’s prime minister.

1947 – U.S. President Truman signed The National Security Act. The act created the National Security Council, the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

1948 – Babe Ruth was seen by the public for the last time, when he attended the New York City premiere of the motion picture, “The Babe Ruth Story.”

1948 – U.S. President Truman signed executive orders that prohibited discrimination in the U.S. armed forces and federal employment.

1952 – King Farouk I of Egypt abdicated in the wake of a coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser.

1953 – Fidel Castro began his revolt against Fulgencio Batista with an unsuccessful attack on an army barracks in eastern Cuba. Castro eventually ousted Batista six years later.

1956 – Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.

1971 – Apollo 15 was launched from Cape Kennedy, FL.

1998 – AT&T and British Telecommunications PLC announced they were forming a joint venture to combine international operations and develop a new Internet system.