On August 21, 1863, a Confederate guerilla group led by William Quantrill attacked citizens in the town of Lawrence, Kansas, during the American Civil War. Guerillas killed more than 150 boys and men and burned much of the town. The Lawrence Massacre, also known as Quantrill’s raid, was a culmination of tension between local abolitionists and pro-slavery partisans along the Missouri-Kansas border. These border tensions had been brewing for some time. Beginning in 1855, pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers engaged in a series of violent confrontations and political killings over whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state, leading to a border war known as “Bleeding Kansas.” Lawrence was founded along the Oregon Trail on the homelands of the Kaw, Lakota, Osage, and Kikapoo by New Englanders. Considered the anti-slavery capital, Lawrence was well-known as a stronghold for abolitionists and the Free-State movement. Continue reading…

Source: Fold3.com

Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence

By Kristen Epps, University of Central Arkansas

William Quantrill’s raid on the Free-State town of Lawrence, Kansas (also known as the Lawrence Massacre) was a defining moment in the border conflict. At dawn on August 21, 1863, Quantrill and his guerrillas rode into Lawrence, where they burned much of the town and killed between 160 and 190 men and boys. This raid was the culmination of an ongoing conflict between the Free-State forces who controlled Lawrence and the proslavery partisans who lived in nearby Missouri. Although Kansas entered the Union as a free state in 1861, ending the period called “Bleeding Kansas,” the animosities of the territorial period lived on with the outbreak of civil war that same year.

On that fateful August morning, a group of roughly 400 Confederate guerrillas entered the sleeping town. They immediately began to ransack homes, shoot civilians, loot stores, and set fire to buildings (including the prominent Eldridge Hotel, although Quantrill allowed its inhabitants to evacuate safely). One of the first casualties was Reverend Snyder, shot as he was milking his cow outside his home along present-day East 19th Street. Mayor George Collamore, upon hearing the commotion, hid in his family’s well, where he died of smoke inhalation. The rest of his family survived, although they had lost their home and the raiders severely wounded his 18-year-old son.

George Ellis, a free black man, had risen early to finish some work on his family’s farm. The raiders killed George’s father, but George, his brother Ben, and his mother Jane managed to survive. George hid in a dense thicket near the Kansas River, and after Quantrill’s men set the house afire, Jane successfully dragged Ben out of the flames and concealed him underneath a feather bed. In addition to targeting African Americans, the raiders also inquired about the whereabouts of notorious Free-State leaders like James H. Lane, who was able to hide in a West Lawrence cornfield to escape detection, along with several of his neighbors.

The state governor and a leader of the Free-State movement, Charles Robinson, was lucky enough to escape with his life as well.

For the complete article … use he url below

Sources:

civilwaronthewesternborder.org onthisday.com

~ It was called the Quantrill Raid, but truth is they targeted African Americans in Lawrence and the Massacre included Blacks and Whites because Lawrence was a Free-State

… Things we didn’t learn in History Class! ~Nativegrl77

The Plant Quarantine Act was the first federal law to give APHIS authority over plant pest and disease prevention, laying the foundation for today’s comprehensive plant health regulations.

While the original 1912 Act is no longer the standalone statute, its core principles remain embedded in APHIS’s Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program, which:

• Regulates plant imports and exports.
• Implements quarantine measures.
• Works internationally to prevent pest entry and promote safe trade

Sources: onthisday.com, usda.gov

govinfo.gov

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. ø7 U.S.C. 154, 155¿ IMPORTATION OF NURSERY STOCK.
(a) IN GENERAL.—No person shall—
(1) import or enter into the United States any nursery
stock; or
(2) accept delivery of any nursery stock moving from any
foreign country into or through the United States;
unless the movement is made in accordance with such regulations
as the Secretary of Agriculture may promulgate to prevent dissemi
nation into the United States of plant pests, plant diseases, or in
sect pests.
(b) REGULATIONS.—The regulations promulgated by the Sec
retary of Agriculture to implement subsection (a) may include regu
lations requiring that nursery stock moving into or through the
United States—
(1) be accompanied by a permit issued by the Secretary of
Agriculture prior to the movement of the nursery stock;
(2) be accompanied by a certificate of inspection issued, in
a manner and form required by the Secretary of Agriculture,
by appropriate officials of the country or State from which the
nursery stock is to be moved;
(3) be grown under postentry quarantine conditions by or
under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture for the
1This Act must be cited as the Act of August 20, 1912 (37 Stat. 315, chapter 308; 7 U.S.C.
151 et seq.). It is only commonly known as the ‘‘Plant Quarantine Act’’ or the ‘‘Nursery Stock
Quarantine Act’’.
1
September 18, 2019
As Amended Through P.L. 106-170, Enacted December 17, 1999

Throughout the 1800s, employees worked anywhere from 10 to 16 hours, six days a week, depending on the industry. Working conditions were often unsafe, and regulations governing these things were few and far between. Employee welfare and work-life balance weren’t exactly top-of-mind concerns. Yet.

Are you working eight hours in the United States today? If so, thank the (now-defunct) National Labor Union (NLU), founded on this day in Baltimore, Maryland, when the heads of the Coachmakers, Machinists and Blacksmiths, and Ironmoulders unions met. It was the first national labor organization in the country, and the first time that societal change was put forth as a solution for workers. Its members included farmers, laborers, and reformers, and delegates included representatives from local unions and labor bodies.

Source: history.com for the complete article