July 2, 1788 – United States Constitution is ratified by the required 9 States


July 2, 1788 – Congress announced the United States Constitution had been ratified by the required nine states and that a committee had been appointed to make preparations for the new American government.nstitution of the United States

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I.
Section 1.
All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section 3.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Section 4.
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Section 5.
Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6.
The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
Section 7.
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section 8.
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;–And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Section 9.
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Section 10.
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it’s inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II.
Section 1.
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:–“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
Section 2.
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section 3.
He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
Section 4.
The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Article III.
Section 1.
The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section 2.
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;–to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;–to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;–to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;–to Controversies between two or more States;– between a State and Citizens of another State;–between Citizens of different States;–between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Section 3.
Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
Article IV.
Section 1.
Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section 2.
The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
Section 3.
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
Section 4.
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.
Article V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.
Article VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
The Word, “the,” being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, the Word “Thirty” being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words “is tried” being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word “the” being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.
Attest William Jackson Secretary
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G°. Washington
Presidt and deputy from Virginia
Delaware
Geo: Read
Gunning Bedford jun
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jaco: Broom
Maryland
James McHenry
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer
Danl. Carroll
Virginia
John Blair–
James Madison Jr.
North Carolina
Wm. Blount
Richd. Dobbs Spaight
Hu Williamson
South Carolina
J. Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler
Georgia
William Few
Abr Baldwin
New Hampshire
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Connecticut
Wm. Saml. Johnson
Roger Sherman
New York
Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey
Wil: Livingston
David Brearley
Wm. Paterson
Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania
B Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robt. Morris
Geo. Clymer
Thos. FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouv Morris

Birthright, birthers, citizenship, economy, and austerity …


WordpressPicturesOutsidemywindow

a repost

just another continued rant on citizenship …  2013 …

The sole mission of this Republican Party of No – is to turn back the clock … It is beyond offensive and will affect all our family’s past, present, and future.

This is yet another necessary and assertive commentary on citizenship… 2013..
Amazingly, Republicans thought they could bury the birther issue for good, only to resurface after a couple of Romney flip-flops. Now that he’s back in Congress, numerous Republican members and governors are still insisting that Americans’ concerns don’t matter—that Birtherism is real, the War on Women and their rights are deemed less significant. Republicans in Congress need to prioritize the people’s business; instead, this group seems more focused on hearings that serve no purpose and on revenge politics, dismissing constituents entirely. We must confront the facts as we approach the next elections: Trump was in office for just two years, and the Treasury Department was scrambling to address financial turmoil. It’s outrageous! Not to mention that Trump chose Monica Crowley for Treasury Secretary—a Fox contributor and lobbyist with a track record of plagiarism and no real financial experience. Despite the mess caused by Republicans, our economy is slowly recovering, thanks in large part to President Obama. While progress is happening without austerity measures, Mitch McConnell and his allies continue to filibuster against it. Austerity remains the mantra of the new Republican nationalists. Americans seem oblivious to the reality unfolding before them, but as the truth surfaced at town hall meetings, some finally recognized the detrimental impact of the plans being pushed. The current 115th Congress needs to face scrutiny because their economic strategies will only benefit the top 1-3%. Ignorance is not bliss—it’s a trap. Amidst the clamor of confusing economic narratives, the Republican Party’s behavior is hitting new lows. Birtherism might seem ridiculous, but the ideology fueling it continues to infiltrate conservative discussions and their notion of “Religious Conscience.” It’s time to question whether religion, consciousness, and instinct belong together, especially given the destructive policies coming from the current administration of white nationalists. We must respond—so lace up your marching shoes. The issues affecting women, immigrants, workers, minorities, students, voter rights, and religious freedom are all deeply tied to Republican agendas. The harsh reality is that many states are passing stringent, harmful legislation against the middle and lower classes under the guise of new, bright promises of prosperity. The Ryan agenda, full of promises of prosperity, fell apart almost immediately, revealing that Trump had taken an extreme right turn, full of continued tantrums and chaos. His presidency is still the face of the Republican Party—and racism and birtherism are mere tools for their fearmongering. The Republican Party of the 21st Century is not even close to what our parents had to face; instead, it has become a far more dangerous entity, seemingly trying to take us back to colonial days. The extreme right has swapped places with the short-lived Dixiecrats, perpetuating a divisive ideology that continues to thrive in today’s version of the Southern Strategy. We must recognize the perilous path that conservatives are attempting to lead us down—it has the potential to dismantle our democracy. Moreover, we should not be afraid to call out the absurdity of any pledge, let alone this conservative pledge—especially this “Purity Pledge” from the organization N.O.M. It’s utterly offensive to pledge to harm and exclude others, yet all socially conservative presidential candidates signed this disgraceful document. This pledge boldly demands commitments that are not just archaic but downright harmful, insisting participants never engage in premarital or extramarital affairs, abandon all forms of pornography and gambling, refuse to marry individuals of the same gender, and oppose any government action supporting civil unions for same-sex couples.

It’s time to challenge this narrative—this purity pledge doesn’t represent true American values, and we must demand better.

The sole mission of this Republican Party of No – is to turn back the clock … It is beyond offensive and will affect all our family’s past, present, and future.

GOP Lawmakers Who Spent July 4 In Moscow | grassrootsdempolitics.com


The Month of July is almost over, and we still have no idea why these 8 Americans who live, trade, and invest …using taxpayer money would do this … shouldn’t there be some sort of hearing … AND who paid for this trip, how many trips, and why were they there on the 4th of July?

This has been swept under a dirty rug … please ask your members or Congress to clarify what this group of GOP was doing in Russia on July 4, 2018

~ Nativegrl77

Spanish retreat from Aztec capital


Photo12/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

June 30, 1520: Faced with an Aztec revolt against their rule, forces under the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan at heavy cost. Known to the Spanish as La Noche Triste, or “the Night of Sadness,” many soldiers drowned in Lake Texcoco when the vessel carrying them and Aztec treasures hoarded by Cortés sank. Montezuma II, the Aztec emperor who had become merely a subject of Cortés in the previous year, was also killed during the struggle; by the Aztecs or the Spanish, it is not known.

Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325 A.D. by a wandering tribe of hunters and gatherers on islands in Lake Texcoco, near the present site of Mexico City. In only one century, this civilization grew into the Aztec Empire, due largely to its advanced system of agriculture. The empire came to dominate central Mexico and by the ascendance of Montezuma II in 1502 had reached its greatest extent, reaching as far south as perhaps modern-day Nicaragua. At the time, the empire was held together primarily by Aztec military strength, and Montezuma II set about establishing a bureaucracy, creating provinces that would pay tribute to the imperial capital of Tenochtitlan. The conquered peoples resented the Aztec demands for tribute and victims for the religious sacrifices, but the Aztec military kept rebellion at bay.

Source: history.com for the complete article

USDA~ FSN ~ FDA ~ June 2026 -Recalls – Food Safety Alerts – Previous Month & last day of prior month update


** La Ceiba Foods Latin Market Inc. Recalls Cottage Cheese Products Because of Possible Health Risk. La Ceiba Foods Latin Market Inc. is conducting a recall of Requesón Salvadoreño (Salvadoran Cottage Cheese) and Requesón Mexicano (Mexican Cottage Cheese) products marketed under the La Colonia and Selectos Latinos brands, due to possible contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. Consumers with questions can contact the Southern Maryland Agricultural Development Commission, on behalf of Clover Hill Dairy, at 240-528-8850 extension 327, Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. (Eastern time).

La ColoniaSalvadoreno Requeson,
Soft Ricotta Cheese
73684638309914 oz05/11/2026-
06/01/2026
07/10/2026
Selectos
Latinos
Requeson Salvadoreno,
Ricotta Style Salvadorean
Style Cheese
76778798452616 oz05/11/2026-
06/01/2026
07/10/2026
Selectos
Latinos
Requeson Mexicano,
Mexican Cottage Cheese
76778798451916 oz05/11/2026-
06/01/2026
07/10/2026
Clover HillBuket of Requeson 18 lb05/11/2026-
06/01/2026
07/10/2026

** TAHER, Inc

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is issuing a public health alert for ready-to-eat chicken Caesar wrap products due to concerns that the product may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm). A recall was…as not requested because the products are no longer available for purchase TAHER, Inc

Impacted Products

8.7-oz. clear plastic wrapped packages of “FRESH SEASONS Kitchen Chicken Caesar Wrap” with “Sell By:6/24/2026” printed on the back label above the ingredients.

** Arizer Solo III Portable Vaporizers Recalled Due to Fire and Burn Hazards; Risk of Serious Injury or Death; Imported by 7111495 Canada.

Hazard: The internal lithium-ion battery can explode or ignite, posing fire and burn hazards.

** TOMY Recalls Boon NURSH 8 oz Reusable Baby Bottles Due to Choking Hazard; Sold at Walmart. The hard plastic outer shell can bubble or partially peel off, resulting in loose pieces of film-like plastic that pose a choking hazard to young children.

Remedy: Consumers should stop using the recalled baby bottles immediately and contact TOMY to receive a refund in the form of a $22 booninc.com store credit or a replacement set of three bottles in a different color. 

** Joyin Recalls Sloosh Dive Sticks Due to Risk of Serious Injury from Impalement; Violate Federal Dive Sticks Ban

The recalled dive sticks violate the federal dive sticks ban because they exceeded the compress limit, posing an impalement hazard. In shallow water, children may fall or land on a dive stick, resulting in serious piercing injuries. Facial and eye injuries are also possible when children attempt to retrieve the sticks underwater.

Remedy:

Consumers should stop using the recalled dive sticks immediately, take them away from children and dispose of them. Consumers will be asked to take a photo of the disposed dive sticks in the trash and email it to Joyin at support@joyin.com. Once received, Joyin will send the consumer redesigned dive sticks that meet federal regulations.

** MorningStar Farms Voluntarily Recalling Two Varieties Due to Possible Plastic Presence.

MORNINGSTAR FARMS is voluntarily recalling two varieties of products in the U.S., Puerto Rico and Costa Rica because of possible plastic pieces in the food. Recalled varieties are: MORNINGSTAR FARMS Buffalo Chik’n Nuggets (10.5 oz) and MORNINGSTAR FARMS Hot & Spicy Sausage Patties (8 oz).

MORNINGSTAR FARMS
Buffalo Chikn’n Nuggets
000 28989 10110 510.5 ozJuly 07 2027 
July 08 2027
MORNINGSTAR FARMS 
Hot and Spicy Sausage 
Patties
000 28989 10094 88.0 ozJuly 05 2027 
July 06 2027 
July 07 2027

No other MORNINGSTAR FARMS brand products are affected by the recall.

Consumers can contact Consumer Affairs Monday through Friday, 9 AM to 6 PM EST, by calling 800-962-0120 or texting 877-453-5837.

** Clover Hill Dairy Expands Recall to Include All Clover Hill Dairy Brand Cheese Due to Possible Health Risk Consumers with questions may contact Southern Maryland Agricultural Development Commission on behalf of Clover Hill Dairy at 240-528-8850 extension 327 Monday through Friday from 8:00am to 4:30pm eastern standard time. Clover Hill Dairy products are sold directly from their retail market, at farmers markets, and through third party distributors in North Carolina, New York, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey and Washington, D.C. Products may be relabeled under a different brand name when distributed, including but not limited to KESSO, QUESOS LA RICURA, IZALCO, DE MI PUEBLO, RIO LINDO. Consumers are urged to check the manufacturer information on packages, if available. The label on clamshell containers should identify the Clover Hill Dairy manufacturer permit (or plant) number as “24-128”.

Link to Original Press Release

Link to FDA Advisory

** Fry Pie Factory has issued a voluntary recall of its 5-ounce Pepperoni Rolls due to misbranding involving undeclared milk, a known allergen, and a process deviation related to refrigeration. The recalled products were distributed by Fry Pie Factory throughout Ohio and parts of West Virginia in convenience stores, grocery stores, and gas stations.

No illnesses have been reported. Consumers should discard the Pepperoni Rolls or return them to Fry Pie Factory for a full refund.

Customers with questions may contact Mark Thompson at 405-990-4657.

** Potential fungal contamination under certain environmental conditions, allowing the growth of Aspergillus penicillioides. Company Name: BDBrand Name:

BDProduct Description:

ChloraPrep Clear – 1 mL Applicators and ChloraPrep FREPP Clear 1.5 mL Applicators

Affected 
Product NDC 
Product Name Catalog (REF)
Number
Lot 
Number
Expiry 
Date 
Product Package 
Size
54365-400-31BD ChloraPrep™ 
Clear – 1 mL Applicators
930480403218301/31/202760 Applicators per 
Inner Carton
54365-400-30BD ChloraPrep™ FREPP™ 
Clear 1.5 mL Applicators
930299407300503/31/202720 Applicators per 
Inner Carton

In addition, BD is recalling other lots out of an abundance of caution as outlined in the customer letter (External Link Disclaimer.

** The World Health Organization (WHO) is marking World Food Safety Day on June 7 with the release of new global estimates of the impact of foodborne illness. Unsafe food is responsible for about 866 million illnesses and 1.5 million deaths each year, according to the new WHO estimates. That’s similar to the impact of diseases like tuberculosis, HIV, or malaria. Children younger than 5 years of age face almost three times the risk of illness from unsafe food compared to older children and adults.

** Target is voluntarily recalling Up & Up Fragrance Free and Up & Up Fresh Cucumber Scented Baby Wipes following customer complaints of product discoloration, and FDA testing that identified the presence of Burkholderia cepacia complex and Burkholderia gladioli in product samples. The recalled wipes were manufactured by a supplier and sold at Target stores nationwide and online at Target.com.

Out of an abundance of caution, Target is recalling the following products:

  • Up & Up Fragrance Free Baby Wipes
    • 20 Count: UPC 085239265956
    • 72 Count: UPC 085239265949
    • 216 Count: UPC 085239265963
    • 800 Count: UPC 085239266137
    • 1200 Count: UPC 085239266090
  • Up & Up Fresh Cucumber Scented Baby Wipes
    • 72 Count: UPC 085239265970
    • 216 Count: UPC 085239265994
    • 800 Count: UPC 085239265987
  • The Up & Up Fragrance Free Baby Wipes are packaged in plastic pouches with each pouch containing 20, 72, or 100 wipes. The wipes were sold individually in 20 and 72 count pouches, a bundle of three 72 count pouches (216 wipes) and 100 count pouches packaged in 800 count and 1200 count boxes.
    • Fragrance Free Baby Wipes with a manufacturing date code of November 07, 2025 (071125X/XX) to May 5, 2026 (050526X/XXX) and expiration dates between May 10, 2028 (100528) through November 5, 2028 (051128)
  • The Up & Up Fresh Cucumber Scented Baby Wipes are packaged in plastic pouches with each pouch containing 72 or 100 wipes. The wipes were sold individually in 72 count pouches, a bundle of three 72 count pouches (216 wipes) and 100 count pouches packaged in 800 count boxes.
    • Fresh Cucumber Scented Baby Wipes with a manufacturing code of December 29, 2025 (291225X/XX) to December 30, 2025 (301225X/XX) and expiration dates between June 29, 2028 (290628) through June 30, 2028 (300628).

Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled products and return them to any Target store for a full refund. Consumers can contact Target Guest Relations at 1-800-440-0680 from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. CT daily for more information.

** Covina, CA – Beekeeper’s Naturals is voluntarily recalling lot # 5950, Exp. Date 02/2028 of Beekeeper’s Naturals Saline Nasal Spray, sold only through Amazon, to the consumer level. This lot, produced at a third-party manufacturer, tested above our acceptable microbiological limits for yeast and may contain Aspergillus spp. If you think you have this lot of Beekeeper’s Naturals Saline Nasal Spray:

  • Check the lot number on the bottom or back label of your Beekeeper’s Naturals Saline Nasal Spray
  • If it reads Lot 5950 (Best By: 02/2028), discontinue use
  • Contact us at contact@beekeepersnaturals.com or 1-888-759-6910, Monday-Friday 8am to 8pm ET, for a refund, or if you have any other questions.
  • If you have experienced any problems that may be related to taking or using this product, contact your physician or healthcare provider

Adverse reactions or quality problems experienced with the use of this product may be reported to the FDA’s MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program either online, by regular mail or by fax.

Regular Mail or Fax: Download form www.fda.gov/MedWatch/getforms.htm or call 1-800-332-1088 to request a reporting form, then complete and return to the address on the pre-addressed form, or submit by fax to 1-800-FDA-0178

Complete and submit the report Online: www.fda.gov/medwatch/report.htm

** Clover Hill Dairy of Mechanicsville, Maryland is voluntarily recalling all Soft Ricotta/Requeson Cheese because it has the potential to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, an organism which can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, frail or elderly people, or others with weakened immune systems. Clover Hill Soft Ricotta/Requeson cheese was distributed from May 4th, 2026 through May 30th, 2026 in the following states: North Carolina, New York, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey and Washington, DC through bulk distributors, retail stores and directly to consumers.

Clover Hill Soft Ricotta/Requeson cheese was sold in retail size packaging as ten (10), twelve (12) and fourteen (14) ounce individually packaged clamshell containers. For clamshell containers with the Clover Hill Dairy Cheese brand name, please look for Clover Hill Dairy’s plant number 24-128 on the product label to assist with identifying the recalled product.

The recalled cheese was also sold in bulk five (5) gallon and two (2) gallon buckets to some customers that repackaged the cheese. Please note the bulk cheese may be repackaged under individual bulk distributor brand names including but not limited to: KESSO, QUESOS LA RICURA, IZALCO, DE MI PUEBLO, RIO LINDO.

To the best of our knowledge, to date, eight (8) cases of Listeria infections.

Consumers with questions may contact Southern Maryland Agricultural Development Commission on behalf of Clover Hill Dairy at 240-528-8850 extension 327.

** Nara Organics of New York, NY, is voluntarily recalling all lots of Nara Organics Powdered Infant Formula currently on the market out of an abundance of caution due to the potential risk of Clostridium botulinum contamination. Nara Organics Powdered Infant Formula was distributed nationally across Target retail stores, Target.com, and Nara.com between July 2025 and June 2026. The 3 infants were hospitalized and treated with BabyBIG (Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous) in California, Washington, and Pennsylvania. There are no reported deaths.

The three specific product lots these infants were exposed to are: 709125280E14F2, 709125288E14F2, 708125174E14F2. To date, Nara infant formula has not tested positive for C. botulinum Nara Infant Formula is not distributed outside of the USA. To report an illness or adverse event, you can:

Complete a paper Voluntary MedWatch form that can be mailed to FDA

Report a Product Problem through SmartHub

Complete an electronic Voluntary MedWatch form online

Affected Product Details:

Nara Organics Whole Milk Infant Formula, 400g, with UPC: 860013251918

Nara Organics Whole Milk Infant Formula, 700g, with UPC 860013251901

** The second largest Salmonella outbreak in New York state history was caused by chicken salad served to inmates at the Broome County Correctional Facility in Binghamton, according to local public health officials. More than 300 inmates were sickened in late May. Four were hospitalized.

** At least 60 people in Idaho are sick with campylobacter infections after consuming raw, unpasteurized milk. State health officials have identified, but not named, two dairies as the sources of the raw milk that caused the illness. Meanwhile, in Oklahoma, Gov. Kevin Stitt signed a bill thatraises the monthly cap on direct raw milk sales from 100 gallons to 1,500 gallons. Sales of the product must still occur only at the farm where the milk is produced

** 6/7 ~ The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has confirmed that beef kofta samples collected from The Kebab Shop restaurants in California contain the E. coli O157:H7 strain responsible for a recent outbreak. As of June 1, nine patients have tested positive for E. coli as a result of eating beef from The Kebab Shop. Six are children, and two of them have developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, which can lead to kidney failure, brain damage or death in some cases.

** Champion Foods LLC of New Boston, Michigan, is voluntarily recalling certain batches of Motor City Pizza Co. 5 Cheese Bread (“5 Cheese Bread”) because they have the potential to be contaminated with Salmonella. This action follows a California Dairies, Inc. milk powder recall due to a concern of potential Salmonella contamination. Affected 5 Cheese Bread lots were distributed and sold nationwide at retailers including Costco, Walmart, Giant Landover, Grocery Outlet, Jewel, Kroger, Schnucks, Target, C&S, Bozzuto’s, Brookshire Grocery, Meijer, Food City, KeHe, Lipari, Publix, Merchants Dis Hickory, PDI/Hy-Vee, River Valley, SpartanNash, Supervalu, and UNFI. Consumers who purchased one of the recalled lots listed above may contact Champion Foods LLC directly info@motorcitypizzacompany.com for more information. For media inquiries, please contact media@championfoods.com.

** Dexcom Uncovers Theft of Scrapped Product, Notifies Potentially Impacted Users. DexCom, Inc. (Nasdaq: DXCM), the global leader in glucose biosensing, announced today that, through ongoing quality and accounting reviews it recently identified certain lots of Dexcom G7 sensors originally designated as scrap and intended for destruction were stolen during the destruction process, then sold by third parties.

Scrapping limited amounts of sensors that do not meet Dexcom standards is a routine part of the company’s quality control process. Sensors identified as scrap are sent to a third-party vendor for destruction and recycling.

At this time, Dexcom has identified two lots of Dexcom G7 sensors (1725204004 and 1725069002) that were stolen, sold and used by some customers.

** Chocolate bars recalled because they contain sildenafil JXK Enterprises Inc. is recalling Boner Bears Chocolate, Lot #BB21125, after being notified that FDA laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of sildenafil, an active ingredient in the FDA-approved prescription drug

** Infant formula recalled because of cereulide contamination The a2 Milk Company (“a2MC”) has recalled three specific batches of its imported a2 Platinum Premium USA label infant formula 0-12 months because of the presence of cereulide. The product

** More moringa products recalled because of Salmonella Total Nutrition Inc. of Deer Park, NY, is recalling TNVitamins Ultra Potent Complete Green Superfood and Doctor’s Pride Complete Green Superfood Ultra Potent Moringa Capsules because they have the

** FSIS Issues Public Health Alert for Beef Kofta Products Served at The Kebab Shop Restaurant Locations Due to Possible E. Coli O157:H7 Contamination.  The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is issuing a public health alert due to concerns that beef kofta products served at The Kebab Shop restaurant locations may be contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7. A recall was not requested because the products are no longer available for purchase. The beef kofta was produced as a raw ground beef product by Olympia Food Industries, Inc. dba Olympia Foods (Est. 18743) in Franklin Park, Illinois, on January 6, 2026, and supplied to The Kebab Shop restaurant locations in California, Texas, and Florida.
The problem was discovered as part of an ongoing illness outbreak investigation. FSIS, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), and local health departments in California are investigating a localized outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 that includes 9 sick people in California. As of May 24, 2026, illness onset dates have been reported ranging from March 27, 2026, to April 30, 2026. Because the identified illnesses are limited to California, CDPH is leading this investigation with FSIS. FSIS continues to keep its federal partners informed as the investigation progresses. FSIS collected raw ground beef kofta product samples that tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Further testing is ongoing to determine if the product samples are related to the specific outbreak strain.

FSIS is issuing this public health alert to ensure that consumers in California, Texas, and Florida are aware of the outbreak. The Kebab Shop stopped selling beef kofta at all of its restaurant locations on May 18, 2026. Media and consumers with questions regarding the public health alert can contact The Kebab Shop at 888-965-5821 or FoodSafety@thekebabshop.com.

**

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