1619 1st known African Americans in English North America (approx. 20) land at Point Comfort (Fort Monroe), Virginia. They are then sold or traded into servitude.

~ politics petitions pollution and pop culture

August 18, 1920 ~ this week ~The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, granting women the right to vote.

08/18/2021 Nativegrl77

By Fiza Pirani, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

afc.org

1. Not all women could actually vote after the 19th amendment was ratified.
The struggle for women’s suffrage did not end with the 19th Amendment’s ratification, especially for black women, who still faced barriers in some Southern states.

2. The 19th Amendment was drafted in 1878 by suffrage leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
It was introduced to Congress that same year by California Sen. Aaron A. Sargent.

3. The proposal sat in committee for nearly a decade only to be rejected in 1887 with a 16-to-34 vote.
After three more decades of no progress, another proposal was brought to the House in 1918. It finally passed the House on May 21, 1919 and the Senate on June 4, 1919.

4. The vote came down to a tiebreaker.
Two-thirds of House and Senate members were required to vote “yes” for its ratification. On Aug. 18, 1920, Tennessee became the tie-breaker state in a 48-48 tie.

According to History.com, the decision fell to 23-year-old Republican Rep. Harry T. Burn, who opposed the amendment himself, but was convinced by his mother to approve it.

His mother reportedly wrote to her son: “Don’t forget to be a good boy and help Mrs. Catt put the ‘rat’ in ratification.”
5. More than 8 million American women voted for the first time in the November 1920 elections.

6. In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, and the movement gained national spotlight.

The convention is widely regarded as the start of the women’s rights movement in America.

7. Stanton and Mott, along with a group of delegates, produced a “Declaration of Sentiments” document at the convention, modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
From the “Declaration of Sentiments:”

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
8. Stanton and Anthony led several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s.

The women argued that the 14th Amendment, which granted universal citizenship, and the 15th Amendment together, which granted voting rights irrespective of race, guaranteed women’s voting rights.

But because Supreme Court decisions rejected their argument, suffrage leaders combined efforts to advocate for a new consititutional amendment.

9. It wasn’t until 1869, when the Wyoming Territory gave women ages 21 and up the same voting rights as men, including state voting rights, that there was a major victory for women’s voting rights.

10. Wyoming was also the first state to elect a female governor and its state nickname is “the Equality State.”
According to History.com, Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected governor in 1924.

11. A woman named Carrie Chapman Catt was instrumental in the ratification of the 19th Amendment.
Catt, who in 1900 succeeded Anthony as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), made the controversial decision to support the war effort in World War I, something her colleagues and supporters weren’t thrilled about.

Eventually, women’s help during the war gave them a more nationalistic reputation and in his 1918 State of the Union address, President Woodrow Wilson spoke in favor of women’s right to vote.
12. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi all rejected the amendment before finally ratifying it after Aug. 18, 1920.

13. It took more than 60 years for the other 12 states to ratify the 19th Amendment.

14. Georgia ratified the amendment on Feb. 20, 1970, after rejecting it on July 24, 1919.

15. The last state to ratify the 19th amendment was Mississippi, which did so on March 22, 1984.

16. The amendment overruled the 1875 Minor vs. Happersett case, granting women the right to vote.
In the case, a Missouri state court refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because state laws said only men were allowed to vote.

17. Residents of U.S. colonies (such as Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands) still cannot vote in presidential elections and don’t have Congressional representatives.

18. The 19th Amendment was formally adopted on Aug. 26, 1920.

This day is now nationally recognized as Women’s Equality Day.
19. According to the Center for American Women and Politics, in every presidential election since 1980, the proportion of eligible women voters has exceeded the proportion of eligible males who voted.

Read the full text of the 19th Amendment.

~ politics petitions pollution and pop culture

1918 – Diplomatic ties between the U.S. and Russia were severed.

08/15/2021 Nativegrl77

Diplomatic relations severed between U.S. & Bolshevist govt. / Berryman.
Summary
World War I cartoon shows Uncle Sam talking to the Russian bear who is on a leash held by a scruffy little man labeled “Bolshevism.” Uncle Sam says, “You’re all right! It’s your leadership I can’t accept.” In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia and made peace with Germany. Although efforts were made to effect a rapprochement between the new regime and the United States, the U.S. government eventually joined with the British and the French in various unsuccessful military actions against the Bolshevik government.

Contributor Names
Berryman, Clifford Kennedy, 1869-1949, artist
Created / Published
Aug. 1918.
Subject Headings
– World War, 1914-1918–Diplomacy–American–Russia
– Uncle Sam (Symbolic character)–1910-1920
– Bears–1910-1920
– International relations–1910-1920
Format Headings
Drawings–1910-1920.
Editorial cartoons–American–1910-1920.
Genre
Editorial cartoons–American–1910-1920
Drawings–1910-1920
Notes
– Title from item.
– Probably published in: Washington star.
– (DLC/PP-1945.R1.85)
– mm / 860122; ljr / 030627.
Medium
1 drawing : ink ; 34 x 36 cm.
Call Number/Physical Location
CD 1 – Berryman (C.K.), no. 461 (A size)
Source Collection
Cartoon Drawings (Library of Congress)
Repository
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Digital Id
ds 10156 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ds.10156
acd 2a06161 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/acd.2a06161
Library of Congress Control Number
2016678754
Reproduction Number
LC-DIG-ds-10156 (digital file from original)
Rights Advisory
May be restricted: Information on reproduction rights available in LC P&P Restrictions Statement.
Language

English

image
Description
1 drawing : ink ; 34 x 36 cm. | World War I cartoon shows Uncle Sam talking to the Russian bear who is on a leash held by a scruffy little man labeled “Bolshevism.” Uncle Sam says, “You’re all right! It’s your leadership I can’t accept.” In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia and made peace with Germany. Although efforts were made to effect a rapprochement between the new regime and the United States, the U.S. government eventually joined with the British and the French in various unsuccessful military actions against the Bolshevik government.

[ digital file from intermediary roll film copy ]
Full online access to this resource is only available at the Library of Congress.
About this Item
Title