0037 – The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius’ will and proclaims Caligula emperor.

1123 – The first Latern Council (9th ecumenical council) opened in Rome.

1190 – Crusaders killed 57 Jews in Bury St. Edmonds England.

1532 – The English parliament banned payments by English church to Rome.

1541 – Hernando de Soto observed the first recorded flood of the Mississippi River.

1583 – Dutch States General & Anjou signed a treaty.

1673 – Lord Berkley sold his half of New Jersey to the Quakers.

1692 – William Penn was deprived of his governing powers.

1766 – Britain repealed the Stamp Act.

1813 – David Melville patented the gas streetlight.

1818 – The U.S. Congress approved the first pensions for government service.

1834 – The first railroad tunnel in the U.S. was completed. The work was in Pennsylvania.

1835 – Charles Darwin left Santiago Chile on his way to Portillo Pass.

1850 – Henry Wells & William Fargo founded American Express.

1865 – The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourned for the last time.

1874 – Hawaii signed a treaty giving exclusive trading rights with the islands to the U.S.

1881 – Barnum and Bailey’s Greatest Show on Earth opened in Madison Square Gardens.

1891 – Britain became linked to the continent of Europe by telephone.

1899 – Phoebe, a moon of the planet Saturn, was discovered.

1900 – Ajax (Amsterdam Football Club) was formed.

1902 – In Turkey, the Sultan granted a German syndicate the first concession to access Baghdad by rail.

1903 – France dissolved the Catholic religious orders.

1906 – In Morocco, it was reported that France and Germany were in a deadlock at the Algeciras Conference.

1909 – Einar Dessau of Denmark used a short wave transmitter to become the first person to broadcast as a “ham” operator.

1910 – The first opera by a U.S. composer performed at the Met in New York City.

1911 – Theodore Roosevelt opened the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. It was the largest dam in the U.S. at the time.

1911 – North Dakota enacted a hail insurance law.

1913 – Greek King George I was killed by an assassin. Constantine I succeeded him.

1916 – Russia countered the Verdun assault with an attack at Lake Naroch. The Russians lost 100,000 men and the Germans lost 20,000.

1917 – The Germans sank the U.S. ships, City of Memphis, Vigilante and the Illinois, without any warning.

1919 – The Order of DeMolay was established in Kansas City.

1920 – Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar.

1921 – Poland was enlarged with the second Peace of Riga.

1921 – The steamer “Hong Koh” ran aground off of Swatow China. Over 1,000 people were killed.

1922 – Mohandas K. Gandhi was sentenced to six years in prison for civil disobedience in India. He served only 2 years of the sentence.

1922 – Princeton and Yale played the first intercollegiate indoor polo championship.

1931 – Schick Inc. displayed the first electric shaver.

1937 – More than 400 people, mostly children, were killed in a gas explosion at a school in New London, TX.

1938 – Mexico took control of all foreign-owned oil properties on its soil.

1938 – New York first required serological blood tests of pregnant women.

1940 – The soap opera “Light of the World” was first heard on NBC radio.

1940 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini held a meeting at the Brenner Pass. The Italian dictator agreed to join in Germany’s war against France and Britain during the meeting.

1942 – The third military draft began in the U.S. because of World War II.

1943 – The Reich called off its offensive in Caucasus.

1943 – American forces took Gafsa in Tunisia.

1944 – The Russians reached the Rumanian border in the Balkans during World War II.

1945 – 1,250 U.S. bombers attacked Berlin.

1945 – Maurice “Rocket” Richard became the first National Hockey League (NHL) player to score 50 goals.

1948 – France, Great Britain, and Benelux signed the Treaty of Brussels.

1949 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was ratified.

1950 – Nationalist troops landed on the mainland of China and capture Communist held Sungmen.

1952 – In Philadelphia, PA, the first plastic lenses were fitted for a cataract patient.

1953 – An earthquake hit West Turkey killing 250 people.

1954 – RKO Pictures was sold for $23,489,478. It became the first motion picture studio to be owned by an individual. The person was Howard Hughes.

1959 – U.S. President Eisenhower signed the Hawaii statehood bill.

1962 – French and Algerian rebels agreed to a truce.

1963 – “Tovarich” opened at the Broadway Theater in New York City for 264 performances.

1963 – France performed an underground nuclear test at Ecker Algeria.

1963 – The U.S. Supreme Court handed down the Miranda decision concerning legal council for defendants.

1965 – Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first man to spacewalk when he left the Voskhod II space capsule while in orbit around the Earth. He was outside the spacecraft for about 20 minutes.

1966 – The government of Indonesia was formed by General Suharto.

1966 – Scott Paper began selling paper dresses for $1.

1968 – The U.S. Congress repealed the requirement for a gold reserve.

1969 – U.S. President Nixon authorizes Operation Menue. It was the ‘secret’ bombing of Cambodia.

1970 – The U.S. Postal Service experienced the first postal strike.

1970 – The NFL selected Wilson to be the official football and scoreboard as official time.

1971 – U.S. helicopters airlifted 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers out of Laos.

1971 – A landslide in Lake Yanahuani, Chungar Peru, killed 200.

1974 – Most of the Arab oil-producing nations ended their five-month embargo against the United States, Europe and Japan.

1975 – Saigon abandoned most of the Central Highlands of Vietnam to Hanoi.

1975 – The Kurds ended their fight against Iraq.

1977 – Vietnam turned over an MIA to a U.S. delegation.

1979 – Iranian authorities detained American feminist Kate Millett. The next day she was deported.

1980 – The Vostok rocket exploded on the launch pad killing 50.

1981 – The U.S. disclosed that there were biological weapons tested in Texas in 1966.

1986 – Buckingham Palace announced the engagement of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson.

1986 – The U.S. Treasury Department announced that a clear, polyester thread was to be woven into bills in an effort to thwart counterfeiters.

1987 – The U.S. performed nuclear tests at a Nevada test site.

1990 – Thirteen paintings were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. The value was $100 million making it the largest art robbery in history.

1989 – A 4,400-year-old mummy was discovered at the Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt.

1990 – The first free elections took place in East Germany.

1990 – The 32-day lockout of baseball players ended.

1990 – In Tampa, FL, a little league player was killed after being hit with a pitch.

1992 – Leona Hemsly was sentenced to 4 years in prison for tax evasion.

1992 – White South Africans voted for constitutional reforms that would give legal equality to blacks.

1994 – Zsa Zsa Gabor filed for bankruptcy.

1997 – A Russian AN-24 crashed killing 50 people.

2003 – China’s new president, Hu Jintao, announced that his country must deepen reforms and raise living standards of workers and farmers.

on-this-day.com

There is not much known about who ordered the Carroll County Courthouse Massacre that occurred March 17, 1886. An article in 2011 by a Mississippi newspaper reported, during the mid-20th century civil rights movement more than one hundred Mississippi African Americans were victims of assault or murder. None of the perpetrators were identified or convicted for the crime. The massacre was a mass attack upon a group of African Americans in the courtroom, or on the courthouse grounds. Ten people were killed and later thirteen more would die from their wounds.

The trouble started in January 1886, two brothers, Ed and Charley Brown, who were half-#black and half-American Indian were delivering molasses to a local saloon in Carrollton, the county seat. The young men bumped into Robert Moore, a white man, and spilled molasses on his clothing. Robert Moore became hostile and an argument quickly erupted. However, at that time the matter seemed to have been resolved, but it did not end there.

Moore told his friend, James Monroe Liddell, who was an attorney about the incident. Liddell decided he would handle the matter with the Browns on behalf of his friend. In February, Liddell confronted the Brown men and accused them of deliberately spilling the molasses on Moore. A verbal confrontation between the three men took place, and Liddell attempted to assault Ed Brown, but bystanders intervened and prevented a physical confrontation. Liddell walked away and proceeded toward a hotel for dinner. Liddell was approached by a friend and told that the Browns were making harsh comments about him. Liddell left his dinner to confront the men again. However, this time gunfire erupted and left Liddell and the Browns hurt.

No one knew who fired on the other first.

The white citizens of Carroll County were shocked that the Browns charged Liddell with attempted murder and insisted on taking him to court. It was legal for a Black person to take another person to court, but it just made the White people angry that a Black person would have the audacity to do such a thing.

The trial was set for March 17, 1886. On that day, the court room was filled with Black and White citizens listening to the evidence. A group of about 50 to 100 White men rode into town on horseback, dismounted at the courthouse, and charged their way through the courtroom. Gunshots rang out through the courtroom; the plaintiffs and the Black citizens were shot. No White person was hit. The group of men left the courthouse and rode out of town.

However, there was no apparent action taken by the county (no coroner’s legal or judicial inquiry), the circuit court (no grand jury indictment), nor by Mississippi Governor Robert Lowry whose comment was, “The riot was provoked and perpetrated by the outrage and conduct of the Negroes.” In the United States Congress, Mississippi Senator James Z. George, who was from Carrollton, took no action.

The case eventually became a cold case. Citizens of Carroll County stopped discussing the event, and many of the citizens who remembered the massacre died out. Many people who lived in the county well into the 20th century did not know the horror of March 17, 1886. There are still many unanswered questions about the attack. Who plotted the attack, and who enlisted the people who stormed the courtroom? Regardless of the answers, it was a senseless massacre that never had to occur.

source:
http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/381/the-carroll-county-courthouse-massacre-1886-a-cold-case-file

Synopsis

Dr. Alexa Canady was born on November 7, 1950, in Lansing, Michigan. While she was in college, a summer program inspired her to pursue a medical career. In 1981, she became the first female African-American neurosurgeon in the United States. Canady specialized as a pediatric neurosurgeon and served as chief of neurosurgery at the Children’s Hospital in Michigan from 1987 to 2001.

Early Life

Alexa Irene Canady was born in Lansing, Michigan, on November 7, 1950, to a dentist father and a mother who worked in education. Her parents taught Canady the importance of hard work and learning, which helped her to graduate from high school with honors.

Becoming a Neurosurgeon

While Alexa Canady was attending the University of Michigan, a health careers summer program for minority students sparked her interest in medicine. After graduating from college in 1971 with a major in zoology, Canady continued on to the university’s medical school.

Canady initially wanted to be an internist, but her plans changed when she became intrigued by neurosurgery. It was a career path that some advisers discouraged her from pursuing, and she encountered difficulties in obtaining an internship. But Canady refused to give up, and was eventually accepted as a surgical intern at Yale-New Haven Hospital. She went there after graduating, cum laude, from medical school in 1975.

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